PIctures and Profiles of Prosauropod Dinosaurs

Politics, Power, and the American Media Essay - 3485 Words

Politics, Power, and the American Media As Americans, we believe that world events over the next few years will unfold from September 11th. The safety and security that we all felt before will never be the same. While Americans continue to recover our enemies continue to plan a way to bring us to our knees once again. Many of us will never again be able to fly without a fear of what if and many of us will never again be able to turn on the morning news without the fear of what if. We tend to have the attitude that terrorist attacks are events that happen in other countries like Israel where peace is unsteady. Many of us never dreamed of having it in our own front yard and to compound those affects by seeing parts of the world celebrating†¦show more content†¦American newscasts flipped through the â€Å"golden triangle† of Washington news beats: the White House, State Department, and Pentagon. Since the invasion had just occurred, there was no official reaction to be had. However, the reporters were pressure d to say something, and they effectively invented the kinds of vague pronouncements that one might expect from officials in sensitive political posts at the early stage of world crisis. By contrast, French reporters (who do not operate on U.S.-style beat system) interviewed various political party leaders and generated a comparatively broad range of political views about the meanings and implications of the invasion. (Bennett 119) To understand that most U.S. reporters not only have lost sight of real journalism is to also realize that those same reporters sometimes knowingly hide the truth beneath many lays of non-important information. The reporter and political official relationship is set to operate off one another. The politics could never play out without the reporters but on that same side the politics could never play out without a reporter willing to report what the political official wants to be heard. A politician’s public fate often lies in the trustworthiness of a reporter. Lance talks about how fragile this relationship is by stating, â€Å"When those sources are powerful officials surrounded by an entourage of eager reporters clamoring for news, it is always possible that those who report what officials want themShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Movie House Of Cards 1448 Words   |  6 PagesUnderwood s relentless pursuit of power and following his journey climbing the Washington Political ladder. He goes from House Congressional Whip, to finally president at the end of season 2. The show itself represents a critical and cynical look at US politics. This is further proven by the fact that Frank Underwood thrives in this system. 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In this regard, it is imperative and perhaps prudent to define media holistically before proceeding further. For purposes of coherence, the definition of media will be categorized into two spheres; traditional media and new media. According to the Electronic Frontier Foundation (2009), traditional media can be defined asRead MoreHow Politics Is The United States?904 Words   |  4 Pagesrelationship to politics in the United States? Honestly I am not too involved in politics in the United States, I believe that the topic and what it stands for goes further than I truly understand. I limitedly participate in politics, as in I voted during the preliminary election, but it was the first time I ever have since I was 18 and I’m now 29 years old. I think that politics is a very edgy topic, it can be seen and interpreted in so many different ways to different individuals. 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Personal Project Picture Book On Global Warming Education Essay Free Essays

A image book is a book designed for kids which uses images and illustrations to state a narrative. In some instances, a image book may convey the significance of the narrative wholly through images, without any text at all. In other instances, text accompanies the images and is read along with them. We will write a custom essay sample on Personal Project Picture Book On Global Warming Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now In both cases, the image book is designed to present immature kids to the thought of books and reading. As a general regulation, each bend of the page reveals a new image, or series of images. The images in image books use a scope of media such as oil pigments, acrylics, water-color and pencil. I will seek the cyberspace that what is an easy manner to do a image book. I will travel to the library when I am free and publish some image books and read them at place so so I will acquire an thought what to make. The undermentioned twenty-four hours I will take some images from the net about planetary heating and publish them out. I will glue the images on paper and right something underneath them. I will acquire the paper spiral binded so it looks like a book ; this will be my 1 bill of exchange. I will give it to supervisor and acquire some remarks I will travel through my remarks and do another bill of exchange might be my concluding bill of exchange of undertaking. Introduction My subject for image book is planetary heating. The term â€Å" planetary heating † refers to the addition in the mean temperature of planetary surface air and oceans since about 1950, and to go oning additions in those temperatures. Basically the whole thought of my undertaking on image book is that the new coevals could larn about planetary heating. My image book will be easy for the kids to understand and to read. I will non utilize excessively difficult words because the childs wo n’t be able to stop up understanding it. Description of procedure It took me several hours to make my research on how to do a image book on planetary heating. After that I took some apparent sheets of paper and printed out some of the exposure that I got from cyberspace about planetary heating. I saw some kids picture book in the library and got some thought, that it should be neatly written, should hold large fount size letters and non to utilize word which kids could n’t understand. The best manner to make my merchandise was to acquire some documents and compose a short narrative about and add images to it. I thought that this is the best manner to make it and none other thought could be at that place to make a image book. I learned many new accomplishments like how to cut a paper in different manner ( cloud shaped paper, egg-shaped shaped paper ) this undertaking besides helped me to take the exposure for the right paragraph. I used scissor, paper, colourss, pastic sheet and coiling bind to do my undertaking. My pick of techniques were really simple and easy, I think that the simplest thing will accomplish your end so I achieved my end through this simple manner. Write your paragrapgh and add exposures to it. Analysis of research My research affected my be aftering a batch because I had planned to seek the cyberspace about how to make an easy image book, but this was n’t rather easy as I wrote in my planning. When searched it, I could n’t acquire what to compose in the narrative of my image book. The starting of planning was incorrect that ‘s the error I had done, because of this I could n’t make my deadline as the day of the month was assigned. After acquiring all the information about my undertaking, the concluding theoretical account was rather easy as I thought. I chose to make this research because I thought that I would n’t be able to acquire the information which I needed to construct my undertaking. I learnt from this research that, I wo n’t be able to compose a short 20-50 word narrative but I have to compose a 100-150 words narrative, because planetary heating has so much to talk about itself. I found this research really helpful and I got inspired by it. Analysis of Process and Outcomes I achieved my end after a batch of difficult work and ageless research. Yes my end was realistic because all the information was based on facts. Internet was the chief hunt engine.My research was really successful because all the determination were true although one can non be hundred percent sure. The aggregation of the information was the hard portion because seeking so many different sites and determination, and after that seting them down in order was another different undertaking. Hap jeopardy work would botch my merchandise. The easy portion of the undertaking on image book on planetary heating was aggregation of images, coiling binding, ornament was merriment to make and it added colour to my work which made my merchandise even more presentable and visually attractive. Evaluation of Merchandise I think my merchandise was rather seccesful because I used composing work along pictures/representation so that it would be easir to understand. A diagram or exposure gives a better image, and do it easier for people to see. I besides did non utilize really hard Hagiographas, my informations was besides really simple and it was easy to follow. I did non travel in to many inside informations of planetary heating, I wanted to give a good overall position which was easy for everyone to follow/read. My planetary heating merchandise was such that it coverd all major points which caused planetary heating, all the subjects were good covered so I feel that my poject was successful in relation with the end. There are some basic alterations that I would make if I had to do this undertaking on planetary heating once more. I would do the background pages a little more bright and colorfull, although merely where it would be necessary. This clip I would travel into a little more higher degree of research, on every that I covered I woul add a litte more of composing merchandise, so that the individual who reads my undertaking wuld acquire a deatailed in formation on every subject on planetary heating Why I would make the above. First of wholly, to do it visually more attractive so the individual immedaetly pick up and read my work and secondly and a batch more particularization in informations and composing so that a individual gets a batch more in formation on every subject on planetary heating. Decision Most of things in the procedure of my personal undertaking worked really good, but some of them did non work as I thought they might. Besides that, another thing did non work really good was making a good temper to make my work in, if i had some other prep I would n’t make my personal undertaking. The book I created was non every bit good as I wanted, every twenty-four hours I used to believe that should i alteration my subject or non but I did n’t, is sticked together and complete my project.. My personal undertaking was really valuable non merely for me, but I hope besides for other people. By making this undertaking, I learned many things and I improve my creativeness accomplishments. I began to hold a new position of seeing the creativeness of my interior ego. I learned this because of my supervisor Mrs cathy Berra, this was n’t really hard, but Is could n’t make my due day of the months. I think this was the right subject for me, because it taught me a good lesson of doing undertakings. the undertaking essay was detaining my work. I could n’t understand what to make in it. but eventually one got in the right path and finished it within a hebdomad ‘s clip. How to cite Personal Project Picture Book On Global Warming Education Essay, Essay examples

History of the Donut Essay Example For Students

History of the Donut Essay Informative Speech History of the Donut Specific Purpose My specific purpose is to inform my audience about the history of the donut, how it got its hole, and its comeback in today’s society. Desired Outcomes I want my audience to: * Know how the donut originated. * Know how the donut got its hole in the center. * Know how the donut gains its comeback in today’s society. Thesis Statement The donut has played a great role in history and in American’s stomachs. Introduction Homer Simpson from the Simpson’s cartoon states it the best: â€Å"Hmmmm†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Doughnuts! † A doughnut can be defined as: 1 a round cake with a whole or filling 2 a ring shaped object 3 or a tight 360 degree turn made in a motor vehicle. For the purpose of the speech, I will be talking about Webster’s definition of a donut defined as a small cake of sweetened or, sometimes unsweetened dough fried in deep fat, typically shaped like a ring or, when prepared with a filling, a ball. The donut has often been characterized as the policeman’s favorite food, but lately it has also been America’s favorite treat. The donut has played a great role in history and in America’s stomachs. Today I would like to inform you about the history of the donut, why donut has holes and their comeback in today’s society. Sentence Outline I. According to Mr. Breakfast website, donuts have been around since the beginning of time. a. Archaeologists still continue to find fossilized bits of what looks like donuts in the Native American settlements. b. The donuts are said to have come to Manhattan by the Dutch with the name â€Å"oily cakes. † . Most people give credit to the Dutch for the invention of these fried cakes II. Mason Crockett Gregory was the first to introduce the hole in the center of the donut. a. He knocked the soggy center out of the fried donuts to ensure that it got cooked fully. b. On the contrary, an article A Short History of Doughnuts by Kimberly Skopitz, tells the story a little different. i. She states that sea Captain Gregory, while at the wheel one stormy night, fou nd it hard to both steer his ship and eat his fried cake. ii. He, therefore, out of hunger shoved one of the fried cakes on one of the spokes of the wheel. iii. This left the fried cake with a hole in the center creating a perfect finger hold to grip the cake with. iv. He was then able to both eat his fried cake and steer his ship. v. Being very pleased with his invention he convinced the galley’s cook to fry the cakes in the same manner. c. Other articles believe that donuts have holes simply because it makes them easier to dunk in coffee. III. As many of you have probably notice there are not many donut companies here in northern Alabama. . Donut stores such as Dunkin Donuts, and Krispy kreme have grown rapidly in today’s society. b. Americans enjoy these oily cakes that the Dutch invented. i. They have become so popular that Krispy Kreme now caters weddings. ii. Low-carb donuts are also available. c. To show you how much American’s enjoy wanting donuts, let me share with you some facts that I found on associated content website. i. Each week, Krispy Kreme makes enough donuts to reach from New York to Los Angeles. iii. Each day, Krispy Kreme sells 7. 5 million donuts and that’s only in North America. iv. In about two minutes Krispy Kreme stores can produce enough donuts to make a stack the height of the Empire State Building. v. A typical Krispy Kreme store produces more than 3,000 donuts per hour. Larger stores can produce up to 12,000 donuts per hour. Conclusion These facts from the associated contect website help to show that donuts have played an important role in history and in American’s stomachs. Captain Gregory found it had to steer his ship and eat his fried cake one stormy night invented the whole in the center. Most people give credit to the Dutch for this invention. .u6c00d124190529c36d053582b758f85e , .u6c00d124190529c36d053582b758f85e .postImageUrl , .u6c00d124190529c36d053582b758f85e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6c00d124190529c36d053582b758f85e , .u6c00d124190529c36d053582b758f85e:hover , .u6c00d124190529c36d053582b758f85e:visited , .u6c00d124190529c36d053582b758f85e:active { border:0!important; } .u6c00d124190529c36d053582b758f85e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6c00d124190529c36d053582b758f85e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6c00d124190529c36d053582b758f85e:active , .u6c00d124190529c36d053582b758f85e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6c00d124190529c36d053582b758f85e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6c00d124190529c36d053582b758f85e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6c00d124190529c36d053582b758f85e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6c00d124190529c36d053582b758f85e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6c00d124190529c36d053582b758f85e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6c00d124190529c36d053582b758f85e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6c00d124190529c36d053582b758f85e .u6c00d124190529c36d053582b758f85e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6c00d124190529c36d053582b758f85e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Scarlet Letter Analysis EssayI think the best way to show the great impact that donuts have had on America’s stomachs is to ask â€Å"Does anyone want a donut? † Works cited Brantley, Amy. (August 2007). Fun Facts About Krispy Kreme Doughnuts. July 10, 2010 http://www. associated. content. com Mr. Breakfast. (2004). Doughnuts: A Definite History. July 11,2010 http://www. mrbreakfast. com/article. asp? articleid=8 Skopitz, Kimberly. (2002). A Short History of Doughnuts. July 10, 2010 http://www. essortment. com Webster’s Dictionary. 2006 Doughnut. United States: William Collins + World Publishing Company Inc.

Shakespeare Essays - Shakespearean Tragedies, William Shakespeare

Shakespeare William Shakespeare William Shakespeare was a great English playwright, dramatist and poet who lived during the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. Shakespeare is considered to be the greatest playwright of all time. No other writer's plays have been produced so many times or read so widely in so many countries as his. Shakespeare was born to middle class parents. His father, John, was a Stratford businessman. He was a glove maker who owned a leather shop. John Shakespeare was a well known and respected man in the town. He held several important local governmental positions. William Shakespeare's mother was Mary Arden. Though she was the daughter of a local farmer, she was related to a family of considerable wealth and social standing. Mary Arden and John Shakespeare were married in 1557. William Shakespeare was born in Stratford in 1564. He was one of eight children. The Shakespeare's were well respected prominent people. When William Shakespeare was about seven years old, he probably began attending the Stratford Grammar School with other boys of his social class. Students went to school year round attending school for nine hours a day. The teachers were strict disciplinarians. Though Shakespeare spent long hours at school, his boyhood was probably fascinating. Stratford was a lively town and during holidays, it was known to put on pageants and many popular shows. It also held several large fairs during the year. Stratford was a exciting place to live. Stratford also had fields and woods surrounding it giving William the opportunity to hunt and trap small game. The River Avon which ran through the town allowed him to fish also. Shakespeare's' poems and plays show his love of nature and rural life which reflects his childhood. On November 28, 1582, Shakespeare married Anne Hathaway of the neighboring village of Shottery. She was twenty-six, and he was only eighteen at the time. They had three children. Susana was their first and then they had twins, Hamnet and Judith. Hamnet, Shakespeare's son, died in 1596. In 1607, his daughter Susana got married. Shakespeare's other daughter, Judith, got married in 1616. In London, Shakespeare's career took off. It is believed that he may have become well known in London theatrical life by 1592. By that time, he had joined one of the city's repertory theater companies. These companies were made up of a permanent cast of actors who presented different plays week after week. The companies were commercial organizations that depended on admission from their audience. Scholars know that Shakespeare belonged to one of the most popular acting companies in London called The Lord Chamberlain's Men. Shakespeare was a leading member of the group from 1594 for the rest of his career. By 1594, at least six of Shakespeare's plays had been produced. During Shakespeare's life, there were two monarchs who ruled England. They were Henry the eighth and Elizabeth the first. Both were impressed with Shakespeare which made his name known. There is evidence that he was a member of a traveling theater group, and a schoolmaster. In 1594, he became an actor and playwright for Lord Chamberlain's Men. In 1599, he became a part owner of the prosperous Globe Theater. He also was a part owner of the Blackfriars Theater as of 1609. Shakespeare retired to Stratford in 1613 where he wrote many of his excellent plays. There are many reasons as to why William Shakespeare is so famous. He is generally considered to be both the greatest dramatist the world has ever known as well as the finest poet who has written in the English language. Many reasons can be given for Shakespeare's enormous appeal. His fame basically is from his great understanding of human nature. He was able to find universal human qualities and put them in a dramatic situation creating characters that are timeless. Yet he had the ability to create characters that are highly individual human beings. Their struggles in life are universal. Sometimes they are successful and sometimes their lives are full of pain, suffering, and failure. In addition to his understanding and realistic view of human nature, Shakespeare had a vast knowledge of a variety of subjects. These subjects include music, law, Bible, stage, art, politics, history, hunting, and sports. Shakespeare had a tremendous influence on culture and literature throughout the world. He contributed greatly to the development of the English language. Many words and phrases from Shakespeare's plays and poems have become part of our

Carta Al Autor Essay

Carta Al Autor Essay Carta Al Autor Essay Francisco Jimenez 30 Queen street Los Angeles CA 91234 August 14 2013 Elianna Robles 31 Dunlap Street Boston MA 02124 Dear Mr. Jimenez: I’m in High School and I just finish your intertwined stories The Circuit about a migrant family going through struggle. Topping carrot picking cotton, and strawberries during years moving from a labor camp to labor camp. I just want you to know that I enjoyed reading your story. As an immigrant girl, I went through struggle but not as hardest this family face, this story was an amazing because all the conflict the family go through and because the connection with, Panchito. When for the first time Panchito went to the school, in page 18, says,â€Å"I thought that perhaps by paying close attention, I would understand but I did not. Only got headache† It was difficult for him to understand his teacher. I felt the same way he did, with headaches and anger because couldn’t understand what the people were saying when I came to the USA. At first, I dislike panchito’s father, Don Pancho, because he was kind of bitter and grumpy. When he killed the parrot, because El Perico was annoying him he take a broom hit El Pobre Perico until he kill the animal. But as I went through the book I noticed the Don Pancho was a hard worker and a really good father, like when Roberto got the job as a janitor he stand up and hug his wife and then say, â€Å"education pays off mi’jo. I’m proud of you. Too bad your mom and I didn’t have the same opportunity† and then panchito

Project Managment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 3

Project Managment - Essay Example However, determining whether the renovation was a success moves beyond architectural tangibles and considers elements of planning and control when external stakeholders are supporting the project or criticizing its long-term value and benefit. Successful project management through an environment with ongoing disputes and interruptions whilst attempting to maintain a positive stakeholder relationship requires dedication to planning, establishing control systems for employees and systems and customer/partner relationship management. The same can be said for the Forth Bridge renovation project, as it entails economic considerations on the local community as well as measurable changes in best practice related to maintaining quality stakeholder relationships. Planning involves a focus on human resources development, maintaining quality in not only construction but in collaboration and controlling process and resource allocation in the most cost-effective method available. Both the Forth Bridge and Thermae Spa encountered delays and complications during the renovation phase, however in relation to planning, control and stakeholder service, both projects met or are meeting their intended goals. This is the nature of project management: â€Å"Ongoing, high quality business relationships with customers have been recognised as a source of competitive advantage†¦the ability to control these relationships and enhance their quality is important to satisfaction† (Myhal, Kang & Murphy 2008, p.445). In major renovation projects involving multiple stakeholder groups, relationship development over a long-term project is a key function both for planning and for control. Key personnel will be acting as representatives of the renovation business or sponsor organisation, thus training in public relations should be included in the training curriculum. Project management is identifying the impact of human personnel, as related to basic fundamentals of sociology and psychology, and

Managing Personal and Organisational Changes Essay - 1

Managing Personal and Organisational Changes - Essay Example As a consequence, higher education institutions are today pressurised to follow an unconventional way of pedagogy approach and compete at the international level, as the desire and intention of the students to gain a global career opportunity increases in the 21st century societal context. This in turn has substantially increased the competition level faced by higher education institutions; whereby, political bodies have also been taking requisite measures in this particular sector to augment the level of competition (Coughlan, 2013). Therefore, adoption of change, under such circumstances, becomes quite crucial for higher education institutions around the world. ... Based on the findings, inferences have been drawn along with specific recommendations to the steps that university leaders can take while applying the change. A Critical Analysis and Evaluation on the Nature of the Changes, Difficulties and Opportunities Facing the Higher Education Institutions Using Relevant Organisational Change Management Models and Theories In the 21st century context, managing organisational change is accounted as a common challenge faced by industry leaders. As by Waddell & Sohal (1998), organisational change management is considered as a major challenge in 21st century organisational management, fundamentally owing to the functioning of two pivotal factors; one is the involvement of multiple change driving forces and the other is the influenced caused by retraining factors. In agreement to this notion of change management, By (2005) and McMurray & et. al. (2010) had argued that resistance to change is a common phenomenon that causes massive hindrances in apply ing change management strategies. This particular change management theory can be well assessed applying the Lewin’s Force Field Analysis model in the context of higher education sector. According to this model, change can be managed efficiently with the accurate identification of ‘driving forces’ and ‘restraining forces’. While the driving forces implies those factors that influence and causes change in the organisational context, restraining forces tend to work as an obstruction or barrier to change enforcement (Hunt & et. al., 2006). When applying the Lewin’s Force Field Analysis model in the higher education sector, the driving forces can be identified in terms of job market alterations, business context changes, political changes and other societal changes that have

Humanities The Age of Reason;Revolution, Reaction, Cultural Essay

Humanities The Age of Reason;Revolution, Reaction, Cultural Response;The Triumph of the Bourgeoisie - Essay Example Different classes of people did their things in a specific manner to avoid collision with the other social classes. The upper class was the most respected class, and it led in many activities. Rise of middle class in politics and culture who supported equality and social justice. The spirit of law and the social contract law was written. All humans were considered equal and had equal rights. All citizens had right to vote. There was a clear separation of powers. There were laws and regulations that governed the people in a particular state. The laws did not favor any individuals irrespective of the social class that one belonged. The intellectual and cultural movement. The great thinkers embraced humanism through the study of literature, music, arts and philosophy. They believed that nature was good and orderly and could be studied. They advocated for religious, political, and economic institutions. According to the neoclassicist, man was guided by his head while on the romanticists; they believed that man was guided by his heart. This is a clear indication that the two schools of though believed that man had a conscience in doing things. Ingres and David painted pictures that were of old Greek and honor. All the figures had a smooth texture and the men had muscles regardless of their origin or background. The neoclassicist painted with invisible brush strokes which made their paintings appear smooth. In romanticism, there was use of brush strokes to show the movement of artwork. Goethe reacted to the neoclassicist to show them that their subjects were too idealized and had no emotion. The romanticist painted dynamic pictures by a variety of colors making them appear real. The industrial revolution had a tremendous impact on the social and cultural change. There was a significant change in the classes and their welfare. The rich culture was about greed, material wealth and social status while the poor culture was to strive

Essence Of Informed Consent Nursing Essay

Essence Of Informed Consent Nursing Essay The relationship between a doctor and a patient today is based on the principle of freedom of choice (of doctor, treatment type) which is characteristic of informational relationship model. A new concept has replaced the previously prevailing in medical practice paternalism, when doctor individually, not considering patients opinion, made the decision on the examination and treatment. In the modern system of doctor-patient relationship, a patients right to voluntary informed consent plays an important role. Informed consent, which is a prerequisite for any medical intervention, is a patients voluntary acceptance of treatment after being sufficiently informed by the doctor. The process of obtaining informed consent can be divided into two stages: 1) providing patient with information on the basis of voluntariness and competence and 2) the getting and proper registration of the patients consent (Cohn Larson, 2007). Under the current law a patient has the right to be fully informed (Hoeyer, 2009): about his or her health status (including medical indicators of that state); about the doctors assumed actions, potential risks and benefits of each procedure; about alternatives to the proposed treatment; about the diagnosis, prognosis and course of treatment. When informing a patient, particular attention should be given to the possible risks associated with the course of the recommended treatment. In addition, to make conscious decisions about medical intervention the patient has the right to consult with a disinterested person and get an additional independent opinion on the state of his or her health. The patient also has the right to obtain information about the professional qualities of the person providing medical aid or special care, about the rules that the patient must follow when undergoing treatment and immediately after. The data provided to the patient by the doctor should contain all the necessary information (Schenker, 2011; Sugarman, 2005). Taking into account the principle of voluntariness of obtaining information, the patient has the right to refuse from receiving information about his or her health status or indicate a person who should be informed instead (Felt, 2009). When informing, an important issue is the patients competence and ability to understand the received special medical information. Obviously, information should be communicated to patient in a way consistent with his or her ability to comprehend. It should be differentiated depending on patients individualities and specific circumstances (general health state, educational level, etc.). Explaining the nature of the forthcoming treatment to the patient, it is desirable to use a minimum of medical or technical terms. If necessary, an interpreter should be provided for adequate communication and perception of information about treatment by the patient (Cohn Larson, 2007). At the time of receiving the information the patient should be able to perceive it in order to make conscious decisions about voluntary consent to medical intervention. Informed consent means that the decision should be made on patients own free will without such external factors as coercion; deception; threat; career, financial or other dependency (Cohn Larson, 2007; Sugarman, 2005). The obtained patients consent to medical intervention should be properly recorded. The current law on health care does not provide as a norm a written form of consent, but since getting informed consent is regarded as the right of the patient and therefore implies corresponding obligations of the doctor, the written form of consent is advisable as evidence of doctors execution of his duties. In case of a court issue or a conflict between patient and doctor, the written informed consent of the patient will guarantee objective consideration of the dispute. Literature review In medical literature, an opinion is expressed that informed consent is a doctors means of legal protection, greatly weakening patients legal position and not representing his or her interests fully. Any treatment carried out without patients informed consent is considered illegal, and if it causes harm, the question of obtaining a refund is solved uniquely. The situation changes when a damage occurs after fulfilling the obligation of providing the necessary information to the patient and obtaining the consent. In this situation the plaintiff-patient has to prove the relationship between treatment and harm beyond the limits of informed consent, or disclose the poor quality, insufficiency, or incompleteness of information, only in this case his or her verbal or written consent loses its meaning (Cockcroft, 2009; Felt, 2009; Sugarman, 2005). The current court practice of the dispute between patients and hospitals fully confirms this thesis. The problem can be solved by developing a certain standard of informing a patient about each type of medical intervention taking into account the existing medical standards for the provision of various forms of aid (Cockcroft, 2009). Standard of informing and the unified form of the document for this type of medical intervention can help to prevent or significantly reduce the number of legal disputes over the insufficiency and incompleteness of information provided to the patient. The lack of standard of informing the patient and the unified mechanism of regulation of issues related to its obtaining and registration prevents both the full implementation of the respective rights of a citizen and the protection of medical employees in case of conflict situations (Hoeyer, 2009). Moreover, in recent years a lot of information has appeared that team paternalistic attitude to the patient reduces the effect of therapeutic measures, that openness and collaboration between doctor and patient in making treatment decisions increase patients chances to survive even with the direst diagnoses, including cancer (Cohn Larson, 2007; Schenker, 2011). There is an article (Cunningham Watson, 2004) about the married couple of Simontons, the administrators of Dallas Cancer Center, who have achieved obvious success in treating malignant tumors by developing in patients the attitudes and belief in the possibility of nonspecific treatment of physiotherapy and occupational therapy. Practicing since 1971, the authors of the method managed in 63 out of 159 people condemned by the official medicine to maximum of one year of dying to completely remove the cancer stress (still alive), and help others to at least double their life span making it 24.4 months against 12 in the control g roup of patients treated by standard methods. That is a polar case of a high efficiency of cooperation of doctors and patients (Cunningham Watson, 2004). Due to the increasing number of lawsuits related to poor-quality medical care, unfavorable outcome of medical intervention, many hospitals are developing their own form of the document that displays the patients consent to medical intervention. Practice shows that the most commonly proof of voluntary consent of the patient to medical intervention is registered in case of delivery paid medical services or performing complex interventions, as well as in outpatient clinics that provide dental care. Lately, the principle of informed consent has been actively used in carrying out such interventions as preventive vaccinations. Further, well analyze the concept of informed consent, figuring out its main elements and effects, as well as discuss the implication of the concept in nursing practice. Antecedents, attributes, and consequences of the concept of informed consent The concept of informed consent was born in the fight against paternalism in the relationship between doctor and patient when it was believed that the doctor was all-knowing, wise, stern father, and the patient was an innocent child, who should unquestioningly obey the opinion of elders. Its appearance is associated with two global processes: the development of universal human rights, when with increasing educational and cultural level of the population each individual as a personality has become aware of his uniqueness and value, and the dissemination of market relations in the sphere of medical care, when a doctor gets into the position of the person who sells medical service, and the patient the person buying it (Sugarman, 2005). The bargaining parties are legally equal. In these circumstances, the seller (doctor) should prove himself that the choice made for the patient is the best available and be able to convince the buyer (patient), conveying his own logic of decision in a way that the latter would understand and believe that doctors actions are intended to cure, rather than just pulling the money. Thus, the risk is shared between the parties: the doctor puts his reputation and professional responsibility at risk, and patients put their health and sometimes their life. In general, the concept of informed consent derives from the general concept of individual rights, formulated at the beginning of the century. In particular, it refers to the right of a free citizen (the first and superior to other rights) to the inviolability of his personality, the right to himself implicitly recognized by all the rest (Steinberg, 2009). This law prohibits a doctor to break out his patients bodily integrity without having the permission. By this we mean that the patient is a person who will continue to live after medical penetration with all the consequences produced by it. And there is no legal obligation to the patient to accept the proposed treatment; in addition, laws do not mention that the patient can be subjected to any curative effects without his informed consent. The rights of doctors also do not include mandate to treat someone who is in need of treatment just in the opinion of doctor. The work of a doctor is certainly complicated by the conditions of the legal protection of personality, but the lack of such protection is not good too. For example, a Muslim fundamentalist will die of the idea that he was poured another persons blood when he was in a severe coma, and his relatives will regard it as lethal sacrilege. Thus, the doctrine of informed consent lies in the fact that before the doctor asks the patient to give consent on implementing an individual course of treatment or procedures that are risky, but have alternative options, especially where the chances of success are low, the patient must be provided with the following information (Cohn Larson, 2007; Hoeyer, 2009): what the proposed procedures are, and what they involve; what the risks and benefits of recommended measures are, specifically emphasizing the danger level of the most adverse outcomes (death or severe disability); what alternative ways of treatment and their risks are; what will happen if a patient do not start or delay treatment; which the probability of success is and what kind of success is expected by the doctor; what possible difficulties and duration of rehabilitation are; what other related information can be provided (answers to patients questions, posing similar cases from doctors experience, etc.) The patients are to be informed about the serious risks that increase their liability in the choice of consent to treatment or alternative treatment or in the direction of the full withdrawal from it. For example, the probability of death 1:10 000 should be mentioned, and the probability of postoperative non-threatening complications may not be mentioned. From a legal point of view, the doctrine increases patients self-involvement and self-determination in decision making and thus, increases its validity. The market buyer-seller relations are supplemented by the specific component of personal trust of the patient towards the doctor. The patient believes that the doctor gives him the full amount of information needed for the success of treatment. Thus, the relationship may assume the character of paternalism: the patient entrusts his fate to doctor at a level children entrust themselves to the care of parents. But this is no longer the same command paternalism that was specific for the past soulless administrative management systems. Still, a lot of discussions are focused around the question on how often patients need to be asked for permission. Courts consider that patients are to be asked in all cases fraught with any serious complications, infection, changes in appearance, etc. For example, a pregnant woman was treated by a dermatologist on a case of spots on her face. The doctor applied the traditional methods, without considering pregnancy, and the spots became more vivid on therapy. The court found the doctor guilty, as he did not see a serious reason for treatment and exposed a pregnant woman to unnecessary risk. First of all, courts ask their experts how necessary the treatment was and whether it did not involve additional risks which could be more significant than the expected success (Walker, 2008). Lawyers also in all cases try to find out whether the patients consent was competent, voluntary, and based on clear information. The problem the competence of concerns both parties. The doctor should not go beyond his competence in explanations. For example, the risk for complex anesthesia should be explained by an anesthesiologist. At the same time, every adult patient should a priori be considered legally competent listener, if he has no restrictions on capacity and is not under the acute influence of alcohol, drugs, etc. The question of the competence of the decision often arises in cases of deliberate incompetence of patients (children, persons found legally incapable because of mental disorders, moronity, senile dementia, etc.). Here, a decision is made by the same schemes with the participation of parents or guardians. For example, regarding homelessness people, the decisions are made by specially authorized social workers. If the family or of the guardianship have no consensus, the question of a single custodian is decided by court (Steinberg, 2009). Voluntariness lies in the fact that when making decisions, especially when signing a written consent or refusal, the patient was not subject to any external pressure (threats, bribery, onerous financial terms). Understanding of the provided information can be difficult to prove, which in judicial practice is known as an example of denial of earlier given evidence. Often the patient finally remembers that the choice was made by him voluntarily (Felt, 2009). But if the doctor initially failed to reconcile the expectations of the patient from treatment with the possibilities of modern therapy, it becomes difficult to resolve such conflicts. There are 4 main cases when the doctrine of informed consent may not be applied: 1. In case of emergency care, where any delay threatens the life or preservation of the health of the patient; 2. If the risks are negligibly low and are well known to all the citizens (e.g., risks of blood test); 3. If the patient knowingly refuses to listen to information about the likelihood of death or severe disability (such a refusal is preferably set down). 4. If the doctor believes that the patient cannot psychologically bear the informational trauma from the message on the discovered disease or health state. In this case, the doctor should ask the patient to whom he entrusts the discussion of health problems and future treatment. In modern terms, this occasion is resorted rarely. It would also be wrong to introduce the patient to treatment, allowing him to read professional literature (Schenker, 2011). Such reading could cause the effect of Mark Twain, who, reading the Encyclopaedia Britannica, discovered he had all the diseases, except for puerperal fever. Besides, the language of medical literature is complicated for an average patient. It can only complexity the understanding of what the patient has to move through and what results he has to wait for and when. However, hospitals and clinics have an internal profilization, and for each doctor, there is a small collection of some standardized technologies and procedures, the description of which is easy in the framework of adopted treatment schemes and within the language understandable to an average literate competent patient. In these booklets of internal use, a patient can find the information on risks, alternatives, and consequences of refusing from treatment. Literate patients are provided with booklets and others come through interviews with nurses (Cohn Larson, 2007; Schenker, 2011). Conclusion. Implications for nursing Nursing personnel makes up the largest category of health workers, and the effectiveness of health care institutions largely depends on their professional knowledge and skills. Important functions of the nursing staff are informing patients about their rights and responsibilities when receiving medical aid, about medical interventions conducted by nursing staff including information about the associated risks, options for medical intervention, their consequences and outcomes of treatment (Higgins Daly, 2002). Discussing situation with the patient and possible ways of its improvement, the nurse should consider the significant point that the patient has the right to accept or reject the suggested treatment and care after receiving the necessary information. Therefore, he should be informed about everything that happened to him, everything that will be done, that he himself or his relatives will have to do, and give the consent. Further, the plan can only include the problems, goals and interventions agreed by the patient. It is desirable that the informed consent of the patient was recorded in nursing documentation. In our case the patient cannot speak, but he understands everything and can by any gesture confirm his consent. The nurse must not only respect the rights of the patient but also tell him about his rights (Higgins Daly, 2002; Informed consent for research in critical care: implications for nursing, 2006). The nurse should write down all nursing interventions, actions on addressing the problem, into a report (usually on the reverse side of the page with the plan). This helps to monitor the activities of nurses and to provide continuity, so that the next shift nurse knew what has been done and what needs to be done. The plan of nursing interventions is made by the nurse, who was on the shift when the patient arrived, but during a shift of some other nurse some additional problems may occur. Then the nurse formulates goals and nursing interventions, and inserts an extra sheet into the folder kept for each patient. If the problem is solved, the corresponding sheet is replaced to the bottom of the folder (Ulrich, 2010). It is recognized around the world that the quality of health care depends not only on doctors, but also on the professional nursing care. Therefore after discharging a patient, all the documentation on the nursing process is stored in the archive together with patient record. It is desirable that a patient had a copy of the plan of nursing interventions, so that he could estimate progress on the way to recovery. In any case, the nurse should discuss the situation with the patient and his relatives, show positive changes, etc. (Higgins Daly, 2002; Ulrich, 2010) In any case, nursing interventions can be very diverse, but one of the major responsibilities of nurses is to clarify the patients understanding of purpose and progress of the upcoming treatment and his consent to the procedure. In general, the doctrine of informed consent is the most modern form of the union of medicine with the people, the reflection of the most humane inclusion of medicine for the benefit of living, constantly renewing humanity. Only the further development of the principle of voluntary informed consent to medical intervention, its wide application in medical institutions can help to protect the legal rights and interests of both patients and medical professionals.

Replication Of Human Pheromones :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Sexual Or Sexist? Replication Of Human Pheromones From the elixer in Love Potion Number Nine to the Orgasmatron in Orgazmo, the media reflect a popular fascination with the idea of an object that can control other people's sexual desires and behaviors. On a similar but dorkier note, I have occasionally heard at Haverford someone attribute a sexual "lucky streak" to the influence of pheromones. In our well-educated but socially awkward mind frame, we have hit on a more promising possibility than magic potions or radar guns. From the Greek for "excitement carrier", pheromones carry chemical messages between members of the same species (2). Present in many animals and often responsible for aspects of mating behavior, the idea of pheromones in humans has in recent years been a subject of interest. The idea of pheromone perception as a "sixth sense" is intriguing, as it means our behavior is influenced by input from outside stimuli that we cannot consciously perceive. Evidence points to the output by and influence on humans of natural ph eromones, and these pheromones are under attempt at imitation by commercial products. What are the possible ramifications of such developments? Experimental evidence also shows differences in the way men and women respond to pheromones, and the possible implications of these differences on gender roles is the aspect of human pheromone research that interests me most. These chemical signals are detected in the vomeronasal organ, or VNO, which is present in the noses of most species of vertebrates. In other mammals, the VNO is located in a longitudinal bulge at the base of either side of the nasal septum (4). Humans lack this bulge marking the position of the VNO, and although there are nerve bundles running from the human VNO to the brain, it is still unclear whether they contain actual sensory neurons or just autonomic nerves. Unlike that in animals, the human VNO does not have an obvious sensory epithelium; however, it contains cells that are considered to be bipolar receptor neurons. The human VNO is thought to be stimulated by airborne chemicals, as opposed to stimuli dissolved in mucus (3). Although most exploration of the possibilities of human pheromone perception has happened recently, scientists have known about the human VNO since 1703, when Dutch surgeon Roysch discovered it in the nose (2). Since then the VNO has been commonly thought to be present only in fetuses, disappearing over the course of prenatal development.